Four Types of Phrasal Verb

Phrasal Verb refers to the combination of a verb with the particle forming as the phrase going together in a sentence.

There are four types of phrasal verb:

1. Verb + Particle (No Object): This means only a verb and the particle coming together without object after it. The meaning of phrasal verb type 1 could be literal or idiomatic.

Ex: - After having the breakfast, I went out. (Literally)

      -   There is little fire wood left, so it went out soon. (Idiomatically – stop burning)

2. Verb + Particle + Object (Separable): This means the phrasal verb could either put the particle before or after the object. The meaning of phrasal verb type 2 could also be literal or idiomatic.

Ex: - I put up the photo on the wall. (Literally)

      -  I put up my cousin for a night. (Idiomatically – give food and a place to stay)

3. Verb + Particle + Object (Inseparable): This means the phrasal verb including a verb and particle could not be separated taking the particle to put after the particle. The meaning of phrasal verb type 3 could also be literal or idiomatic.

Ex: - She came across the royal palace. (Literally)

      -  He came across the old classmates in the market. (Idiomatically – meet by accident)

4. Verb + Particle + Particle: This means the phrasal verb consists of a verb and two particles. Mostly, the meaning of the phrasal verb is idiomatically.

Ex: - She gets along very well withher friends. (Get is the verb; along and with are the particles)

      -  I am looking forward to seeing my professors. (Look is the verb; forward and to are the particles)

Reading Skill for Reference and Vocabulary

Weather is created by the heat of the sun. When the sun shines on the earth, the air close to the surface heats up, expands, and rises. The higher it goes, the cooler it becomes. Meanwhile, an area of warmer with low-pressure air forms below it. Winds are caused by the air moving from an area of high pressure to one of low pressure. The closer the pressure centers are to each other, and the greater the pressure difference between them, the stronger the wind will be.

High- and low- pressure air masses travel the globe and cause major weather changes. When a cold, high- pressure polar air mass meets an extremely low-pressure tropical air mass, their combination can produce intense storms such as typhoons, hurricanes, and tornados. Less severe weather conditions are often caused by small, local pressure areas. A mild rain storm occurs when rising warm air combines with cool air. Clouds are created as the moist warm air cools and condenses to form water droplets. When clouds reach a saturation point, or the point at which they can no longer contain their moisture, the droplets fall to earth as rain or snow.

Weather forecasters look as the movement of warm and cold air masses and try to predict how they will behave. Although weather forecasting is not completely accurate, satellites, sophisticated instruments and computers make weather prediction far more accurate today than in the past. The advantages of weather prediction are numerous, but in the end, nature does whatever it pleases. We may attempt to predict weather but we cannot control it.

Reference Question:

What does “it” in line 3 refer to?

What does “them” in line 6 refer to?

What does “their” in line 13 refer to?

Vocabulary Question:

What do you think the word “intense” in line 9 means? Find another word with a similar meaning in the sentences near it.

What happens when air “condenses” according to line 12? What do you think “condenses” means here?

What does “saturation point” in line 13 mean? Where in the passage is the meaning of the saturation point given?

What do you think “sophisticated instruments” in line 17 means? Give two examples of sophisticated instruments that you know.

(Extract from Reading Comprehension, Compiled by OM Soryong, Institute of Foreign Languages (IFL), Phnom Penh, p.11-12)

Reading Skill for Details

People have been concerned with their hair since ancient times. In 1500 B.C., the Assyrians, inhabiting the area know today as Northern Iraq, were the world’s first true hair stylists. Their skills at cutting, curling, layering and dyeing hair were known throughout the Middle East. In fact, they were obsessed with their hair, which was oiled, perfumed, and tinted. A fashionable courtier wore his hair cut in neat-geometric layers. Kings, soldiers and noblewomen had their hair curled with a fire-heated iron bar, probably the world’s first curling iron. So important was hair styling in Assyria that law dictated certain types of hair styles according to a person’s position and employment. Facial hair was also important. Men grew beards down to their chests and had them clipped in layers. High-ranking women in both Egypt and Assyria wore fake beards during official court business to show their equal authority with men.

Like the Assyrians, the early Greeks liked long, scented, curly hair. Fair hair was favored over dark, so those who were not “natural blonds” lightened or reddened their hair with soaps and bleaches. The Romans, on the other hand, favored dark hair for men for high social or political rank. Early Saxon men were neither blonds nor brunets by dyed their hair and beards blue, red, green, and orange.

Over the centuries, societies have combed, curled, waved, powdered, dyed, cut, coiffed, and sculpted their hair, or someone else’s during times of wig crazes. Churches and lawmakers have sometimes tried to put a stop to the human obsession with hair, but with little success. It seems hair styling is here to stay, and the future will likely prove no exception.

Note:

Skimming: refer to reading on the article quickly to get general ideas about the text.

Scanning: refer to reading on the article quickly to get specific information.

Exercise for Skimming:

What is the passage about?

Exercise for Scanning:

Complete the following sentences with details from the passage.

The hair styling skills of the Assyrians were known all over______ .

An Assyrian courtier had his hair___________________________ .

The Assyrians had laws for certain types of hair styles according to people’s_____ and______ .

During official court business women in Egypt wore____________ .

 

(Extract from Reading Comprehension, Compiled by OM Soryong, Institute of Foreign Languages (IFL), Phnom Penh, p.2)

Medical Vocabulary for Basic Medical Translation (Part 2)

Anaemia /əˈniː.mi.ə/: a medical condition in which there are not enough red blood cells in the blood (ជំងឺខ្វះឈាម​)

Itchy /ˈɪtʃ.i/: having or causing an uncomfortable feeling on the skin which makes you want to rub it with your nails (រមាស់)

High blood pressure /haɪblʌd ˈpreʃɚ/ : a measure of the pressure at which the blood flows through the body above the average speed (ជំងឺលើសឈាម​ ឬ សំពាធឈាមខ្ពស់)

Low blood pressure / loʊ blʌd ˈpreʃɚ/ : a measure of the pressure at which the blood flows through the body (សំពាធឈាមទាប)

Discharge /ˈdɪs.tʃɑːrdʒ/ : liquid matter, which is often infected, that comes from a part of the body (ធ្លាក់ស)

Uterus /ˈjuː. t ̬ɚ r.əs/ : the organ in the body of a woman or other female mammal in which a baby develops before birth (ស្បូន)

Muscle pain /ˈmʌs.l ̩ peɪn/ : being painful in one of many tissues in the body that can tighten and relax to produce movement (ឈឺសាច់ដុំ)

(Definition in English Extracted from Cambridge Advance Dictionary)

Medical Vocabulary for Basic Medical Translation (Part 1)

Vaccination /ˌvæk.sɪˈneɪ.ʃ ə n/: the act of giving someone a vaccine, usually by injection, to prevent them from getting a disease (ការចាក់ថ្នាំវ៉ាក់សាំង).

Throat /θroʊt/ : the front of the neck, or the space inside the neck down which food and air can go (បំពង់ក).

Hangover /ˈhæŋˌoʊ.vɚ/ : a feeling of illness after drinking too much alcohol (ឈឺក្បាលព្រឹកបន្ទាប់​ក្រោយពីផឹកគ្រឿងស្រវឹង).

Asthma /ˈæz mə /:  a medical condition which makes breathing difficult by causing the air passages to become narrow or blocked (ជំងឺហឺត)

Abscess /ˈæb.ses/: a painful swollen area on or in the body, which contains pus (= thick, yellow liquid) (ដំបៅក្លាយចេញខ្ទុះ)

Sweat /swet/: to pass a salty colorless liquid through the skin because you are hot, ill or frightened (បែកញើស)

(Definition in English Extracted from Cambridge Advance Dictionary)

Reading the Article on “The Threat to Kiribati”

The people of Kiribati are afraid that one day in the not-too-distant future, their country will disappear from the face of the earth – literally. Several times this year, the Pacific island nation has been flooded by a sudden high tide. These tides, which swept across the island and destroyed houses, came when there was neither wind nor rain. “This never happened before,” said the older citizens of Kiribati.

What is causing these mysterious high tides? The answer may well be global warming. When fuels like oil and coal are being burned, pollutants are released; these pollutants trap heat in the earth’s atmosphere. Warmer temperatures cause water to expand and also create more water by melting glaciers and polar ice caps.

If the trend continues, scientists say, many countries will suffer. Bangladesh, for example, might lose one-fifth of its land. The coral island nations of the Pacific, like Kiribati and the Marshall Islands, however, would face an even worse fate – they would be swallowed by the sea. The loss of these coral islands would be everyone’s loss. Coral formations are home to more species than any other place on earth.

The people of these nations feel frustrated. The sea, on which their economies have always been based, is suddenly threatening their existence. They don’t have the money for expensive technological solutions like seawalls. And they have no control over the pollutants, which are being released mainly by activities in large industrialized countries. All they can do is to hope that industrialized countries will take steps to reduce pollution.

Discussion:

1.      How is the action of industrialized countries making islands like Kiribati disappear from the face of the earth?

2.      Scientists are still not sure how serious the effects of global warming will be. Some industries don’t want to make changes until there is definite evidence that the effects are serious. What is your opinion?

3.      If you lived on an island like Kiribati, what would you like to see done?

4.      Analyze the sentence structure to improve your writing skill.

(Extract from New Interchange Student Book 4, Cambridge University Press, 5th edition, 2000)

Lyric of "To Love You More", By: Celine Dion

Take me back in the arms I love 
Need me like you did before 
Touch me once again 
And remember when 
There was no one that you wanted more 

Don't go you know you will break my heart 
She won't love you like I will 
I'm the one who'll stay 
When she walks away 
And you know I'll be standing here still 

I'll be waiting for you 
Here inside my heart 
I'm the one who wants to love you more 
You will see I can give you 
Everything you need 
Let me be the one to love you more 

See me as if you never knew 
Hold me so you can't let go 
Just believe in me 
I will make you see 
All the things that your heart needs to know 

I'll be waiting for you 
Here inside my heart 
I'm the one who wants to love you more 
You will see I can give you 
Everything you need 
Let me be the one to love you more 

And some way all the love that we had can be saved 
Whatever it takes we'll find a way 

I'll be waiting for you 
Here inside my heart 
I'm the one who wants to love you more 
You will see I can give you 
Everything you need 
Let me be the one to love you more

(The End)

Lyric of "Power of Love", By: Celine Dion

The whispers in the morning
Of lovers sleeping tight
Are rolling like thunder now
As I look in your eyes

I hold on to your body
And feel each move you make
Your voice is warm and tender
A love that I could not forsake

Cause I'm your lady
And you are my man
Whenever you reach for me
I'll do all that I can

Even though there may be times
It seems I'm far away
Never wonder where I am
Cause I am always by your side

Cause I'm your lady
And you are my man
Whenever you reach for me
I'll do all that I can

We're heading for something
Somewhere I've never been
Sometimes I am frightened
But I'm ready to learn
Of the power of love

The sound of your heart beating
Made it clear
Suddenly the feeling that I can't go on
Is light years away

Cause I'm your lady And you are my man
Whenever you reach for me
I'll do all that I can

We're heading for something
Somewhere I've never been
Sometimes I am frightened
But I'm ready to learn
Of the power of love

(The End)

Lyric of "Dreaming of You", By Celine Dion

Dreaming, Dreaming, Dreaming...

Lyin' in my bed
Thoughts in my head
Visions of you
But I can't get through the night
So pick up the phone
I know you're home
You're playing with my heart
And you know that it just ain't right

It's just a game of love, love, love
And even though it's hard, baby
I can never give you up

You're the one I'm Dreaming of
I can't live without your love
Tonight
And it's you that I adore
You're the one that I live for
Inside of you--I'm Dreaming of you

So I got in the car
But I didn't get far
'Cause the radio played
Every song that I sang with you
Yesterday's gone
And it may be true
But you now that
I'll never get over you

It's just a game of love, love, love
And even though it hurts me, baby
I can never give you up
'Cause...

You're the one I'm Dreaming of
I can't live without your love
Tonight
And it's you that I adore
You're the one that I live for
Inside of you--I'm Dreaming of you

You, you gave me love
Love gave us hope and strength
To carry on
And you, you gave me faith
When I was falling down
You would pick me up, my love

You're the one I'm Dreaming of
I can't live without your love
Tonight
And it's you that I adore
You're the one that I live for
Inside of you--I'm Dreaming of you

You're the one I'm Dreaming of
I can't live without your love
Tonight
And it's you that I adore
You're the one that I live for
Inside
Baby, I'm Dreaming of you

Dreaming, Dreaming, Dreaming...

(The End)

Lyric of "I'm Never Gonna Say Goodbye", By: Westlife

Somebody lied to me
It just can be, you can’t be gone forever
Somebody got it wrong
You were gonna love me all my life
Weren’t we good together?
Now I’m on my own
And I don’t think I’ll ever learn to
Live one day alone

Woh, I’m never gonna say goodbye
Say goodbye
It’s something I can’t bring myself to do
Coz as long as I don’t say goodbye
Darlin’ I know
Part of me will always be with you

What am I gonna do
Havin’ you was all I ever wanted
Really wanted
Where am I gonna go
To feel the way I felt inside your arms?
Still my life is better
Loving you as I do
Thanks for being with me
Darlin’ thanks for being you

Woh, I’m never gonna say goodbye
Say goodbye
It’s something I can’t bring myself to do
Coz as long as I don’t say goodbye
Darlin’ I know
Part of me will always be with you

Part of me will always be with you…

(The End)

Lyric of "Too Hard to Say Good Bye", By: Westlife

Everytime I close my eyes
You're all that I can see
I hold you in my heart
And know you're watching over me

Standing by your side
It felt like I could fly
If I could be half the man
That you are in my eyes
And I could face the darkest day
And fight the tears inside

I can't turn the page
Or hold back the time
It's too hard to say goodbye
It's too hard to say goodbye

From you I learned it all
You would never let me fall
Love won't come undone
Between a father and his son

Standing by your side
Felt like I could fly
If I could be half the man
That you are in my eyes
I would face the darkest day
And fight the tears inside

I can't turn the page
Or hold back the time
It's too hard to say goodbye
It's too hard to say goodbye

There will come a day
I'll have to walk alone
And I'll have to make it on my own
You taught me all there is to know
Dad, I'll never let you go

Standing by your side
It felt like I could fly
If I could be half the man
That you are in my eyes
I would face the darkest day
Fight back the tears inside

But I can't turn this page
Or hold back the time
It's too hard to say goodbye
It's too hard to say goodbye
Just can't say goodbye

(The End)

Lyric of "I'll See You Again", Westlife

Always you will be part of me
And I will forever feel your strength
When I need it most
You're gone now, gone but not forgotten
I can't say this to your face
But I know you hear

I'll see you again
You never really left
I feel you walk beside me
I know I'll see you again
When I'm lost, when I'm missing you like crazy
I tell myself I'm so blessed
To have had you in my life, my life

When I had the time to tell you
Never thought I'd live to see the day
When the words I should have said
Would come to haunt me
In my darkest hour I tell myself
I'll see you again

I'll see you again
You never really left
I feel you walk beside me
I know I'll see you again
When I'm lost, when I'm missing you like crazy
I tell myself I'm so blessed
To have had you in my life, my life 

I'll see you again
You never really left
I feel you walk beside me
I know I'll see you again
When I'm lost, when I'm missing you like crazy
I tell myself I'm so blessed
To have had you in my life, my life   

I will see you again
I'll see you again
I miss you like crazy
You're gone but not forgotten
I'll never forget you
Someday I'll see you again
I feel you walk beside me
Never leave you, yeah
Gone but not forgotten
I feel you by my side
No this is not goodbye (3x)

(The End)

Lyric of "My Love", Westlife

An empty street, an empty house
A hole inside my heart
I’m all alone, the rooms are getting smaller.
I wonder how, I wonder why, I wonder where they are
The days we had, the songs we sang together. (oh yeah)

And all my love, I’m holding on forever
Reaching for the love that seems so far

So I say a little prayer
And hope my dreams will take me there
Where the skies are blue, to see you once again… my love.
All the seas from coast to coast
To find the place I Love The Most
Where the fields are green, to see you once again… my love.

I try to read, I go to work
I’m laughing with my friends
But I can’t stop to keep myself from thinking. (oh no)
I wonder how, I wonder why, I wonder where they are
The days we had, the songs we sang together. (oh yeah)

And all my love, I’m holding on forever
Reaching for the love that seems so far

So I say a little prayer
And hope my dreams will take me there
Where the skies are blue, to see you once again… my love.
All the seas from coast to coast
To find the place I Love The Most
Where the fields are green, to see you once again…

To hold you in my arms
To promise you my love
To tell you from the heart
You’re all I’m thinking of

Reaching for the love that seems so far

So I say a little prayer
And hope my dreams will take it there
Where the skies are blue, to see you once again… my love.
All the seas from coast to coast
To find the place I Love The Most
Where the fields are green, to see you once again… my love.

Say it in a prayer (my sweet love)
Dreams will take it there
Where the skies are blue (oh yeah), to see you once again my love. (oh my love)
All the seas from coast to coast
To find the place I Love The Most
Where the fields are green, to see you once again…. My Love.

(The End)

Conclusion for Key Role of Gender to Reduce Corruption

In conclusion, corruption is the current world issue needed to be solved as soon as possible in order to bring better life for society. To sum up, corruption can be seen everywhere in different forms like bribery, nepotism, fraud, and embezzlement. There are also many effects of corruption on society in three different sectors such as the political, administration and institution; economy; and social & environment. However, both gender played very important role in eliminating this global issue. Specifically, most women seem to get involves in corruption less than men and to combat corruption stronger than men.

After doing the conclusion, there are some recommendations towards Corruption reduction:

v  Better government public policy: government should review her public policy again and learn more from other countries how they implement good public policy to eliminate corruption. Also, in order to practice good public policy, government should monitor firmly on her public administrative system and make it better.  

v  Stronger Law enforcement: government should reinforce her law on anti-corruption as soon as possible and guarantee the effective and fair practice of this law.

v  More roles in society for women equal as men: as women are less involves in corruption, government and also civil society should provide more chances to women to get positions related to corruption reduction within government and society.

v  Cooperation towards corruption reduction: not only government to take action in anti-corruption, but all people and institutions in the country should join together as a force to put pressure on people committing bribery and take them to face the punishment as the law written related to corruption.

v  Concepts change: actually corruption occurred because people are too greedy to be rich and most people think only about corruption as the way to gain property, but it is the wrong concept. All people should change this concept as soon as possible. There are many ways to earn a lot of money and the only thing towards that is a self effort to struggle for life legally.

v  Individual awareness: all persons should be aware of the danger of corruption for society we live in, so when corruption occurs, we need to find the way out by cooperate with other good people to reduce the corruption around us as quickly as possible through the procedure of law.

v  Globalization: the world is being united through the political, economic, social and cultural cooperation. Since corruption is the threat to all society in the world, cooperation as the world globalization is the effective way that each country and the whole world work together to minimize the corruption as the least thing inside the country. Cooperation with other countries, government full of corruption could not stand alone in this world. Therefore, globalization should be reinforced for a country to the international relations and it will be a good way to eliminate corruption in the government side.